At https://phys.org/news/2021-07-physicists-sun-electric-field.html … University of Iowa physicists, using the Parker Solar Probe data, have calculated the distribution of electrons within the Sun's electric field. Electrons are trying to escape but protons are pulling them back, we are told. Some escape. Others don't. However, there are other processes at work, as far as the production of the solar wind is concerned.
Over at www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2021/07/18/caught-in-the-crossfire/ …. post by Rens van der Sluijs, 'Caught in the Crossfire' – which concerns the AD774/5 injection of radiocarbon as discovered by a Japanese team led by Fusa Miyake. An analysis of Japanese cedar trees observed a 'rapid increase' in the concentration of radiocarbon in that year. According to the Wiki, 20 times as high as normal background rates of variation. At the same time, there was a sharp peak in the beryllium 10 isotope in polar ice. A cosmic ray influx might be responsible but the Japanese research team dismissed the possibility that a local supernova event might be responsible. More surprisingly, they even dismissed a solar flare as it implied a really big flare from the Sun. The scientists did actually suggest, rather vaguely and without much enthusiasm, that earth may have passed through the coma [ion tail] of a comet. Or, at least, a brush with the upper atmosphere. That was an interesting idea but was quickly squashed by critics – and has been lost to the ether, so to speak. The problem with this idea is that no significant passing comet is known from that time, and the Chinese and Koreans, among others, were studying the skies on the lookout for unusual phenomena such as comets and meteors. Van der Sluijs concentrates on the solar flare idea – which is now accepted by mainstream, although at the time the Japanese team may have been wary of suggesting that explanation.
Historical documents from Europe do not record an unusual burst of auroral activity and although there is more evidence of aurorae in Asian records they do not seem to have been extraordinary, or anything out of the ordinary, which one would assume to be the case if it was a massive solar flare. One might even say the jury is still out – although, for want of any other explanation, the solar flare theory seems to have stuck. However, cosmic rays from outside the solar system are still in the frame, one would have thought. What is interesting, and picked up by Van der Sluijs, is that the Miyake team was aware that a solar proton event with an extremely hard energy spectrum could explain both the C14 and the 10Be results – but it would have entailed a major energetic solar flare. Van der Sluijs suggests the idea of a super flare emanating from the Sun disturbs the mainstream view of our Sun as a benign and quiet star – even though astronomers have seen stars similar to our sun emit huge flares. He goes on to say that others have speculated on the ability of our sun to eject really big flares – such as Thomas Gold [1963], George Siscoe [1976], Anthony Peratt [2003], and Paul LaViolette [2011]. They even came up with geophysical and archaeological evidence to support the idea of super flares.
This leads into another recent post at https://phys.org/news/2021-07-trees-newly-extreme-solar-event.html … tree rings have pinpointed another Miyake event, in 5410/11BC. This comes on top of one in AD992/3 [60 per cent as powerful as the one in 774/5] and another around 600BC [which differed in some ways as the injection was not immediate but reached a peak over 4 years] – and now we have another one.