At https://phys.org/news/2024-09-quantized-redshift-big-hypothesis.html … we learn the quantised red shift challenges the Big Bang hypothesis. A Dopler shift is defined as a change of frequency of light or sound when a a cosmic object moving toward or away from an earthbound observer. Edwin Hubble made the point that galaxies appear, on average, to be moving away from us – looking at them through a telescope. This may indicate the universe is expanding. An increase in the wavelength of light due to such an object moving away manifests as a shift towards the red end of the optical spectrum = red shift. In standard cosmology red shift is also assumed to be a distance indicator.
Alternative scientists do not agree with the concept of expansion of the universe due to red shift periodicity – or quantisation. This suggests they are physically anchored in a quantised pattern. According to Halton Arp and Geoffrey Burbridge, red shift disparities in quasars are due to an intrinsic component that is inherent to an evolutionary process.
At https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-4527/ad6db5 … the authors note that Halton Arp, for example, observed many cases of pairs with different red shift values. Whilst a 2004 paper noted two quasars resting on a filament that connected two galaxies – and all of them had different red shifts from one another. Standard cosmology has adopted gravitational lensing to explain the physical associations of quasars – galaxy pairing, a phenomena thought to involve light from a background object bent due to the gravity of a foreground object with a large mass. The James Webb Space Telescope is highlighting other anomalies that contradict Big Bang.
At https://phys.org/news/2024-09-universe-smoother-standard-cosmology-theory.html … the universe is smoother than the standard model of cosmology suggests. It seems the current standard cosmology originated just 25 years ago – and has successfully been used to reproduce a plethora of observations. Some of the latest measurements of large scale structures indicate mass is less clustered – smoother. This seems to fly in the face of the standard model. We are told cosmologists are scratching their heads. Understanding how structures in the universe formed and evolved is the key. Much of the current understanding comes from movements of the cosmic microwave background radiation that fills the universe – but is a relic of Big Bang it is thought. An interesting read, in full. Well worth clicking on the doi link.